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SDP mitigates the risk of broken access control by mandating micro-segmentation and implementing least privilege. Micro-segmentation divides the network into smaller, isolated segments that can prevent unauthorized access and contain lateral movement. Least privilege grants the minimum necessary access to users and devices for specific resources, while hiding all other assets from their view. This reduces the attack surface and prevents attackers from exploiting weak or misconfigured access controls

Data and asset classification should be based on the sensitivity of data, which is the degree to which the data requires protection from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. Data sensitivity is determined by the potential impact of data loss, theft, or corruption on the organization, its customers, and its partners. Data sensitivity can also be influenced by legal, regulatory, and contractual obligations.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 10, section 2.1.1Identify and protect sensitive business data with Zero Trust, section 1Secure data with Zero Trust, section 1SP 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture, page 9, section 3.2.1

SOAR is a collection of software programs developed to bolster an organization's cybersecurity posture. SOAR tools can automate the response to security events and incidents by executing predefined workflows or playbooks, which can include tasks such as alert triage, threat detection, containment, mitigation, and remediation. SOAR tools can also orchestrate the integration of various security tools and data sources, and provide centralized dashboards and reporting for security operations.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 23, section 3.2.2Security Orchestration, Automation and Response (SOAR) - GartnerSecurity Automation: Tools, Process and Best Practices - Cynet, section ''What are the different types of security automation tools?''Introduction to automation in Microsoft Sentinel

Different SDP deployment models have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the organization's use case, such as the type of resources to be protected, the location of the clients and servers, the network topology, the scalability, the performance, and the security requirements. Network architects should consider their use case before selecting an SDP model that best suits their needs and goals.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 21, section 3.1.26 SDP Deployment Models to Achieve Zero Trust | CSA, section ''Deployment Models Explained''Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) and Zero Trust | CSA, page 7, section 3.1Why SDP Matters in Zero Trust | SonicWall, section ''SDP Deployment Models''

The policy engine (PE) is the component in a ZTA that is responsible for deciding whether to grant access to a resource. The PE evaluates the policies and the contextual data collected from various sources, such as the user identity, the device posture, the network location, the resource attributes, and the environmental factors, and then generates an access decision. The PE communicates the access decision to the policy enforcement point (PEP), which enforces the decision on the resource.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section ''Policy Engine''What is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? | NextLabs, section ''Core Components''[SP 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture], page 11, section 3.3.1

Rule-based security policies are a type of attribute-based access control (ABAC) policies that define rules that control the entitlements to assets, such as data, applications, or devices, based on the attributes of the subjects, objects, and environment. The policy decision point (PDP) is the component in a zero trust architecture (ZTA) that evaluates the rule-based security policies and generates an access decision for each request.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2A Zero Trust Policy Model | SpringerLink, section ''Rule-Based Policies''Zero Trust architecture: a paradigm shift in cybersecurity - PwC, section ''Security policy and control framework''

To respond quickly to changes while implementing ZT Strategy, an organization requires a mindset and culture of continuous risk evaluation and policy adjustment. This means that the organization should constantly monitor the threat landscape, assess the security posture, and update the policies and controls accordingly to maintain a high level of protection and resilience. The organization should also embrace feedback, learning, and improvement as part of the ZT journey.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 7, section 1.3Cultivating a Zero Trust mindset - AWS Prescriptive Guidance, section ''Continuous learning and improvement''Zero Trust architecture: a paradigm shift in cybersecurity - PwC, section ''Continuous monitoring and improvement''

One of the key purposes of leveraging visibility & analytics capabilities in a ZTA is to continually evaluate user behavior against a baseline to identify unusual actions. This helps to detect and respond to potential threats, anomalies, and deviations from the normal patterns of user activity. Visibility & analytics capabilities also enable the collection and analysis of telemetry data across all the core pillars of ZTA, such as user, device, network, application, and data, and provide insights for policy enforcement and improvement.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 15, section 2.2.3Zero Trust for Government Networks: 4 Steps You Need to Know, section ''Continuously verify trust with visibility & analytics''The role of visibility and analytics in zero trust architectures, section ''The basic NIST tenets of this approach include''What is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? | NextLabs, section ''With real-time access control, users are reliably verified and authenticated before each session''

The third step in the SDP onboarding process is to onboard and authenticate the initiating hosts, which are the clients that request access to the protected resources. The initiating hosts connect to and authenticate with the SDP gateway, which acts as an accepting host and a proxy for the protected resources. The SDP gateway verifies the identity and posture of the initiating hosts and grants them access to the resources based on the policies defined by the SDP controller.Reference:Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 21, section 3.1.26 SDP Deployment Models to Achieve Zero Trust | CSA, section ''Deployment Models Explained''Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) and Zero Trust | CSA, page 7, section 3.1

A common activity in the scope, priority, and business case steps of ZT planning is to determine the organization's current state. This involves assessing the existing security posture, architecture, policies, processes, and capabilities of the organization, as well as identifying the key stakeholders, business drivers, and goals for the ZT initiative. Determining the current state helps to establish a baseline, identify gaps and risks, and define the scope and priority of the ZT transformation.Reference:Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section ''Scope, Priority, & Business Case''The Zero Trust Journey: 4 Phases of Implementation - SEI Blog, section ''First Phase: Prepare''