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https://7signal.com/802-11ac-migration-part-2-whats-nobodys-telling-you-about-80mhz-and-160mhz-channel-bondingThe clients are all 802.11n STAs or lower is the likely cause of this behavior. If a WLAN with 100 802.11ac access points is configured to use 80 MHz channels, but only 40 MHz communications are seen in a particular BSS, it means that the clients in that BSS do not support 80 MHz channels. This could be because they are using older standards, such as 802.11n or lower, that do not support 80 MHz channels. Alternatively, they could be using newer standards, such as 802.11ac or ax, but have their channel width settings limited to 40 MHz or lower due to device capabilities or configuration options. In either case, the AP will adapt to the client's channel width and use only 40 MHz of the 80 MHz allocated bandwidth to communicate with them. This will reduce the potential throughput and efficiency of the WLAN.Reference:, Chapter 3, page 111; , Section 3.2

VHT TXOP (Very High Throughput Transmit Opportunity) power save is a feature introduced with the 802.11ac amendment, which is designed to improve the power efficiency of devices connected to a WLAN. This feature enhances battery life in several ways, compared to the legacy Power Save mode:Enhanced Power Saving: VHT TXOP power save allows devices to disable more components of the WLAN transceiver when they are in a low power state. This reduces the power consumption during periods when the device is not actively transmitting or receiving data.Intelligent Wake-Up Mechanisms: It employs more sophisticated mechanisms for devices to determine when they need to wake up and listen to the channel, further reducing unnecessary power usage.Optimized Operation: This power save mode is optimized for the high-throughput environment of 802.11ac networks, allowing devices to efficiently manage power while maintaining high performance.Legacy Power Save mode, introduced in earlier versions of the 802.11 standards, does not provide the same level of component disablement or the intelligent wake-up mechanisms found in VHT TXOP power save, making option B the correct answer.IEEE 802.11ac-2013 Amendment: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz.CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109, by David D. Coleman and David A. Westcott.

An IBSS is used instead of a BSS is a network configuration that would result in multiple stations broadcasting Beacon frames with the same BSSID but with different source addresses. An IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) is a type of WLAN that does not use an AP but rather allows stations to communicate directly with each other in a peer-to-peer manner. An IBSS is also known as an ad-hoc network or a peer-to-peer network. In an IBSS, each station generates its own Beacon frames to announce its presence and capabilities to other stations within range. The Beacon frames have the same BSSID, which is randomly generated by one of the stations when creating the IBSS, but they have different source addresses, which are the MAC addresses of each station's radio interface. The BSSID is used to identify the IBSS and prevent stations from joining other IBSSs with different BSSIDs.Reference:, Chapter 1, page 25; , Section 1.1

When a station scans for available wireless networks, it listens for beacon frames sent by APs. A beacon frame contains information about the BSS, such as SSID, supported rates, channel, security, etc. The station also measures the signal strength of the beacon frames, which indicates how well the station can communicate with the AP. The signal strength is usually expressed in dBm or RSSI units. The higher the signal strength, the better the connection quality and performance.Therefore, the station can use the signal strength of AP beacons as the primary metric to select the best AP for connectivity to the desired BSS12.Reference:CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 249;CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 243.

A pre-design site visit in preparation for a predictive wireless LAN design is essential for gathering physical and environmental data about the site. The key tasks to be performed during such a visit include:Evaluating Building Materials: Different materials (concrete, glass, wood, etc.) have varying effects on RF signal propagation. Understanding the materials present helps in accurately predicting how signals will behave within the environment.Floor Plan Verification: Ensuring that the floor plan documents are an accurate representation of the actual building layout is crucial. Discrepancies between the floor plans and the physical layout can lead to inaccuracies in the predictive design.The other options, while potentially valuable in other contexts, are not directly related to preparing for a predictive design:Installing APs (option A) for testing co-channel interference is more aligned with an active site survey rather than a pre-design visit for a predictive design.Collecting information about security requirements (option B) is important but is not directly related to the physical aspects of the site that would impact a predictive design.Testing antenna types (option C) would typically be part of an active site survey or the actual deployment phase, not a pre-design visit for predictive modeling.Therefore, option D is the correct answer, focusing on evaluating physical aspects crucial for accurate predictive modeling.CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109, by David D. Coleman and David A . Westcott.Best practices for conducting pre-design site visits in wireless network planning.

In a public Wi-Fi hotspot, like the one Lynne runs in his hotel, ensuring customer security against active attacks is crucial. Active attacks involve unauthorized access, eavesdropping, or manipulation of the network traffic. To mitigate such threats, an effective and practical step is:Station-to-Station Traffic Blocking: Also known as client isolation, this feature prevents direct communication between devices connected to the Wi-Fi network. By enabling this on the access points, Lynne can significantly decrease the likelihood of active attacks like man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, where an attacker intercepts and possibly alters the communication between two parties.The other options, while beneficial for network security, might not be as straightforward or practical for Lynne's situation:Network Access Control (NAC) requires a more complex infrastructure and management, which might not be ideal for a small hotel setup.Implementing an SSL VPN adds an extra layer of security but might complicate the login process for users, potentially affecting the user experience.Requiring EAP-FAST authentication provides secure authentication but may not be feasible for transient customers who expect quick and easy network access.Therefore, enabling station-to-station traffic blocking is a practical and efficient measure that Lynne can implement to enhance customer security on the Wi-Fi network.CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109, by David D. Coleman and David A. Westcott.Best practices for securing a wireless network in a public hotspot environment.

https://www.wlanmall.com/what-is-a-wireless-bridge/Wireless bridging is a WLAN technology role that allows two or more networks to be connected wirelessly over a distance. A wireless bridge consists of two or more APs that are configured to operate in bridge mode and use directional antennas to establish a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link. Wireless bridging can support high data rates and is suitable for scenarios where running cables is impractical or expensive.To create a wireless link between two buildings on a single campus that supports at least 150 Mbps data rates, wireless bridging is an appropriate solution678.Reference:CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 271;CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 265;Wi-Fi Wireless Bridging Explained.

PoE stands for Power over Ethernet, which is a technology that allows network devices to receive power and data over the same Ethernet cable. PoE eliminates the need for separate power adapters or outlets for devices such as IP phones, cameras, or APs. PoE requires two types of devices: PSE (Power Sourcing Equipment) and PD (Powered Device). A PSE is a device that provides power to the Ethernet cable, such as a switch, injector, or splitter. A PD is a device that receives power from the Ethernet cable, such as an IP phone, camera, or AP.When implementing PoE, a switch plays the role of a PSE910.Reference:CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE), page 293;CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE), page 287.

The solution that you recommend is anOverlay WLAN monitoring solution. An Overlay WLAN monitoring solution is a system that uses dedicated sensors or probes to monitor the WLAN performance over time. The sensors are deployed throughout the WLAN coverage area and collect data on various metrics such as signal strength, noise level, channel utilization, interference, throughput, latency, packet loss, and QoS. The sensors send the data to a centralized server or appliance that analyzes the data and provides a single pane of glass for administration and monitoring of the solution. An Overlay WLAN monitoring solution can help to detect and troubleshoot WLAN issues, optimize WLAN performance, and generate reports and alerts.Reference:[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 538; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 508.

When performing a post-deployment validation survey for voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi), an action that must be performed isApplication analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset. Application analysis is a method of testing the performance of a specific application over the WLAN by measuring parameters such as throughput, latency, jitter, packet loss, MOS score, and R-value. Application analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset can help to evaluate the quality of service (QoS) and user experience of VoWiFi calls over the WLAN. It can also help to identify any issues or bottlenecks that may affect VoWiFi calls such as interference, roaming delays, or insufficient coverage.Reference:[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 549; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-109], page 519.